The rise of urban tech: how innovations for cities come from cities

This research investigates the economic geography of urban technology, or 'urban tech', start-up enterprises. Comprised of ride-hailing, co-living, co-working, smart cities and other urban-oriented activities, urban tech is a suite of innovations that enable and are premised upon growing urbanization. We investigate where urban tech comes from by analysing Pitchbook, a database of venture capital deals, to chart the evolution and geography of urban tech start-up firms. We show urban tech firms to be highly clustered in two kinds of places: specialized tech hubs such as the San Francisco Bay Area and large cities such as New York, London and Beijing. Furthermore, we find that urban tech geography is associated with two classes of factors: the scale of existing tech activity, and the size and extent of metro areas. Together these findings suggest that the geography of urban tech is shaped by the innovative capabilities of urban areas and, to a lesser extent, by urbanization itself. Urban tech investment is less common in areas associated with 'Industry 4.0' industrial policy.