Beyond between-group differences: Considering race, ethnicity, and culture in research on positive youth development programs

In this article, we explore how researchers can more fully consider and conceptualize the role of race and ethnicity in studies of youth development programs, with an emphasis on positive youth development (PYD). Such a focus can be integrated in a more meaningful way through the application of a theoretical model that provides a framework for understanding the role of race and ethnicity at multiple levels, and through recognition of challenges and limitations related to measurement and methodological approaches. Greater attention to race and ethnicity in research on youth programs can provide insight into the relevance of PYD models for specific groups of youth, culturally-specific themes that might enhance the applicability of PYD models and programs for some groups, the role of within-group heterogeneity with respect to PYD outcomes, and the aspects of PYD models and programs that appear to be essential for all youth across sociocultural contexts.