Intellectual Capital in Tech Industries: a Longitudinal Study

This paper reports on data collected over time on intellectual capital levels in three high-tech industries. Data are also presented on competitive intelligence activity in the same industries. These data shed light on the idea that knowledge management is more strategic than is commonly portrayed, with the level of development and sharing of knowledge depending on circumstances at the national, industry, and firm level. Similarly, competitive intelligence offense and defense also vary according to environment. Given the evidence here that knowledge assets vary widely by industry and by firm, as do competitive intelligence efforts, organizations should scan their environments and adopt knowledge strategies appropriate to their circumstances.