The Effect of CHIR 99021, a Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Inhibitor, on Transforming Growth Factor β-Induced Tenon Fibrosis

PURPOSE. This study investigated the effect of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3 beta) inhibition on the fibrosis of human Tenon's fibroblasts (HTFs) induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). METHODS. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses were performed to determine the expression levels of molecules associated with the fibrosis of HTFs by TGF-beta (fibronectin, collagen I alpha, and alpha-smooth muscle actin) and GSK-3 beta. The levels of phos-phorylated Smad2 and Smad3 were also analyzed in the presence of the GSK-3 beta inhibitor CHIR 99021. The wound healing assay was performed to determine the effect of CHIR 99021 on the migration of HTFs. All experiments were conducted using primary cultured HTFs or human tenon tissues obtained from normal subjects and patients with glaucoma. RESULTS. Treatment with TGF-beta resulted in an increase in the levels of molecules associ-ated with the fibrosis of HTFs. The expression levels of these molecules were higher in the tenon tissues obtained from patients with glaucoma than those from normal subjects. When the HTFs were treated with TGF-beta, a significant increase in the active form of GSK-3 beta (Y216) was observed. A significant decrease in the active form of GSK-3 beta and molecules associated with fibrosis by TGF-beta was noted in HTFs treated with CHIR 99021. CHIR 99021 treatment reduced the phosphorylated Smad2/Smad2 and phosphorylated Smad3/Smad3 ratios in HTFs and attenuated HTF migration. CONCLUSIONS. Our results demonstrated the effect of GSK-3 beta inhibition on the regulation of TGF-beta-mediated fibrosis of HTFs, suggesting GSK-3 beta to be a potential target for maintaining bleb function after glaucoma filtration surgery.