Eating architecture in adults at increased risk of type 2 diabetes: associations with body fat and glycaemic control

Eating architecture is a term that describes meal frequency, meal timing and meal size and the daily variation in each of these. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between components of eating architecture on body fat and markers of glycaemic control in healthy adults at increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Participants (n 73, 39 males, age 58 center dot 8 (8 center dot 1) years, BMI 33 center dot 4 (4 center dot 4) kg/m(2)) recorded food intake and wore accelerometers and continuous glucose monitors (CGM) for 7-14 d under free-living conditions. Body fat and glycated Hb (HbA1c) were also measured. The mean and day-to-day variation (calculated as the standard deviation during the monitoring period) of each component of eating architecture were calculated. Multivariable linear regression models were constructed for three separate outcome variables (body fat mass, mean CGM glucose and HbA1c) for each component of eating architecture before and after adjustment for confounders. Higher variability in the time of first meal consumption was associated with increased body fat mass after adjusting for confounders (beta = 0 center dot 227, 95 % CI: 0 center dot 019, 0 center dot 434, P = 0 center dot 033). Increased variability in the time lag from waking to first meal consumption was also positively associated with increased HbA1c after adjustment (beta = 0 center dot 285, 95 % CI: 0 center dot 040, 0 center dot 530, P = 0 center dot 023). Low day-to-day variability in first meal consumption was associated with lower body fat and improved glucose control in adults at increased risk of T2DM. Routine consumption of meals may optimise temporal regulation to anticipate and respond appropriately to a glucose challenge.