Modulation of the thermosensing profile of the Escherichia coli aspartate receptor Tar by covalent modification of its methyl-accepting sites

The Escherichia coli aspartate receptor Tar is involved in the thermotactic response, We have studied how its thermosensing function is affected by the modification of the four methyl-accepting residues (Gln(295), Glu(302), Gln(309), and Glu(491)), which play essential roles in adaptation, We found that the primary translational product of tar mediates a chemoresponse, but not a thermoresponse, and that Tar comes to function as a thermoreceptor, once Gln(295) or Gln(309) is deamidated. This is the first identification of a thermosensing-specific mutant form, suggesting that the methylation sites of Tar constitute at least a part of the region required for thermoreception, signaling, or both, We have also investigated the inverted thermoresponse mediated by Tar in the presence of aspartate, We found that, whereas the deamidated-and-unmethylated form functions as a warm receptor, eliciting a smooth-swimming signal upon increase of temperature, the heavily methylated form functions as a cold receptor, eliciting a smooth-swimming signal upon decrease of temperature, Thus, it is suggested that Tar exists in at least three distinct states, each of which allows it to function as a warm, cold, or null thermoreceptor, depending on the modification patterns of its methylation sites.