Improved water control and crop management effects on lowland rice productivity in West Africa

Much of the rapidly-growing demand for rice in West Africa will be met from production in inland valley swamps which are abundant and relatively robust with regard to cropping intensification. Rice yields in the traditional, predominating non-bunded systems are low (about 1.5 Mg ha(-1)). Informal development of traditional rainfed lowlands is currently occurring across the region, mainly with low-cost interventions such as the building of field bunds. Relating lowland rice yield to quantitative information on resource base quality and agronomic practices will improve future research priorities and guide site and system-specific targeting of available technical options. Diagnostic on-farm trials were conducted in 62 traditional and 40 improved (bunded) rainfed lowland fields in three agro-ecological zones of Cote d'Ivoire (Guinea savanna, bimodal forest, and monomodal forest zones) to quantify effects of improved water control on productivity. Weed biomass and rice grain yield were determined in farmers' fields and in super-imposed researcher-managed subplots (clean weeding, zero N control treatment, and mineral fertilizer N application). Grain yield variability was attributed to agronomic practices using multiple regression analysis. Bunding significantly increased rice grain yield across sites by about 40% and controlled weeds, with approximately 25% less weed biomass in bunded than in open plots. Mineral fertilizer N application significantly increased rice yields (18% on average across sites) only in bunded fields, where N use efficiency was 12 compared to 4 kg of rice grain per kg of applied N in open fields. Across environments, about 60% of the observed variability in rice grain yields was explained by water control and the timing of agronomic management interventions (weeding, N application). The increased development of lowland rice areas through the construction of field bunds has the potential to significantly increase rice production in West Africa, while also possibly reducing labor requirements for hand weeding and allowing for a more efficient use of mineral N fertilizers. The benefits from construction of bunds are likely to be largest in the relatively well-drained inland valleys of the savanna and bimodal rainfall forest, compared to the high-rainfall monomodal forest zones.