Mesospheric Temperature During the Extreme Midlatitude Noctilucent Cloud Event on 18/19 July 2016

A rare noctilucent cloud (NLC) event was observed at 48.8 degrees N, 13.7 degrees E above GERman Experimental Seismic System station in southern Germany on 18/19 July 2016 using the Compact Rayleigh Autonomous Lidar. Strong southward winds due to a quasi 2-day planetary wave allowed for the influx of mesospheric polar air to midlatitudes on this day. The NLC observed by lidar was preceded by strong NLC displays in Cloud Imaging and Particle Size (CIPS) Experiment satellite images above the North Sea and by strong mesospheric summer radar echoes 800km north of the lidar site and was also observed visually in central Europe. The NLC occurred at low altitude and was bright and thin with strong oscillations in altitude and brightness. Darkness allowed for high-resolution temperature measurements at NLC altitudes. The ice particles were embedded in the upper part of a cold region with temperatures below 150K. Significantly higher temperatures were found directly above the cloud with large vertical temperature gradients of 25K/km at the top boundary. Spectral analysis reveals that NLC particles existed within cold phases of gravity waves within a region of high static stability. In order to study the evolution of NLC brightness in this environment, we drive the microphysical model Community Aerosol and Radiation Model for Atmospheres with lidar temperature soundings. We find that NLC particles can survive and grow in the conditions defining this midlatitude event. We conclude that the ice particles did not nucleate at the site of observation but were meridionally transported and vertically confined to a thin layer due to a large vertical temperature gradient, wind reversal, and low levels of mesospheric turbulence.