Training on a virtual reality laparoscopic simulator improves performance of live laparoscopic surgery

Introduction: To determine whether training laparoscopic nephrectomy (LN) with a virtual reality (VR) simulator improves the performance of porcine LN. Methods: Twelve urological residents were assigned to two groups: a training and a non-training group. All participants performed baseline assessments of LN skills and time on the LapPASS (R) simulator. The training group received preoperative LapPASS (R) training. Both groups then performed LN using a porcine model. The operations were videotaped and evaluated using the Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills (GOALS) system. After porcine LN, the training group performed a final LN with the LapPASS (R) simulator. Results: There was no significant difference in the operation time required for porcine LN. There were no significant differences in the total A (autonomy), B (bimanual dexterity), D (depth perception), or T (tissue handling) GOALS scores. However, the total E (efficiency) score in the training group was higher than that in the non-training group (P = .030). The final LN score with LapPASS (R) was significantly higher than the baseline (P = .004). Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated that VR LN training improved performance in an actual operation. VR-based procedural simulation could become a vital part of the laparoscopic training program for residents.