Wearable sensors and devices for real-time cardiovascular disease monitoring

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major global health problem. Living with diseases like CVD often requires long-term monitoring, for which flexible and conformable sensors are employed. The developments in materials, devices, integrated electronic systems, the Internet of Things (IoT), and edge computing enable real-time and convenient measurement and detection of signals. Herein, we review the latest developments in the surveillance of various physiological signals of flexible sensors for CVD. First, a variety of signals that can monitor CVD are summarized. Then, the different mechanisms and principles of monitoring pulse signals, as well as the flexible sensor monitoring of electrocardiogram (ECG), phonocardiogram (PCG), seismocardiogram/ballistocardiogram (SCG/BCG), and apexcardiogram (ACG) signals are discussed. Finally, future research directions are proposed based on the current research landscape.