Sampling and TDR probe insertion in the determination of the volumetric soil water content

Volumetric soil water content (theta) can be evaluated in the field by direct or indirect methods. Among the direct, the gravimetric method is regarded as highly reliable and thus often preferred. Its main disadvantages are that sampling and laboratory procedures are labor intensive, and that the method is destructive, which makes resampling of a same point impossible. Recently, the time domain reflectometry (TDR) technique has become a widely used indirect, non-destructive method to evaluate theta. In this study, evaluations of the apparent dielectric number of soils (epsilon) and samplings for the gravimetrical determination of the volumetric soil water content (theta(Grav)) were carried out at four sites of a Xanthic Ferralsol in Manaus - Brazil. With the obtained epsilon values, theta was estimated using empirical equations (theta(TDR)), and compared with theta(Grav) derived from disturbed and undisturbed samples. The main objective of this study was the comparison Of theta(TDR) estimates of horizontally as well as vertically inserted probes with the theta(Grav) values determined by disturbed and undisturbed samples. Results showed that theta(TDR) estimates of vertically inserted probes and the average of horizontally measured layers were only slightly and insignificantly different. However, significant differences were found between the theta(TDR) estimates of different equations and between disturbed and undisturbed samples in the theta(Grav) determinations. The use of the theoretical Knight et al. model, which permits an evaluation of the soil volume assessed by TDR probes, is also discussed. It was concluded that the TDR technique, when properly calibrated, permits in situ, nondestructive measurements of theta in Xanthic Ferralsols of similar accuracy as the gravimetric method.