First results from light scattering enhancement factor over central Indian Himalayas during GVAX campaign

The present work examines the influence of relative humidity (RH), physical and optical aerosol properties on the light-scattering enhancement factor [f(RH = 85%)] over central Indian Himalayas during the Ganges Valley Aerosol Experiment (GVAX). The aerosol hygroscopic properties were measured by means of DoE/ARM(US Department of Energy, Atmospheric Radiation Measurement) mobile facility focusing on periods with the regular instrumental operation (November-December 2011). The measured optical properties include aerosol light-scattering (sigma(sp)) and absorption (sigma(ap)) coefficients and the intensive parameters i.e., single scattering albedo (SSA), scattering Angstrom exponent (SAE), absorption Angstrom exponent (AAE) and light scattering enhancement factor (f(RH) = sigma(sp)(RH, lambda)/sigma(sp)(RHdry, lambda)). The measurements were separated for sub-micron (< 1 mu m, D-1 mu m) and particles with diameter < 10 mu m (D-10 mu m) in order to examine the influence of particle size on f(RH) and enhancement rate (gamma). The particle size affects the aerosol hygroscopicity since mean f(RH = 85%) of 1.27 +/- 0.12 and 1.32 +/- 0.14 are found for D-10 mu m and D-1 mu m, respectively. These f(RH) values are relatively low suggesting the enhanced presence of soot and carbonaceous particles from biomass burning activities, which is verified via backward air-mass trajectories. Similarly, the light-scattering enhancement rates are similar to 0.20 and 0.17 for the D-1 mu m and D-10 mu m particles, respectively. However, a general tendency for increasing f(RH) and gamma is shown for higher sigma(sp) and sigma(ap) values indicating the presence of rather aged smoke plumes, coated with industrial aerosols over northern India, with mean SSA, SAE and AAE values of 0.92, 1.00 and 1.15 respectively. On the other hand, a moderate-to-small dependence of f(RH) and gamma on SAE, AAE, and SSA was observed for both particle sizes. Furthermore, f(RH) exhibits an increasing tendency with the number of cloud condensation nuclei (NCCN) indicating larger particle hygroscopicity but without significant dependence on the activation ratio. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.