Regenerative water sources on surfaces of airless bodies

Water ice on the surfaces of asteroids can survive only up to 10(6) years. Laboratory experiments show that space weathering by energetic particles and micrometeorites can regenerate enough water by oxidizing organics and dehydrating minerals to explain the spectral features of hydration observed on asteroid surfaces. Spectroscopic signatures of water and hydroxyl radicals have been observed on the surfaces of asteroids(1-3). As the lifetime of the exposed water ice is on the order of 10(4) to 10(6) yr in the inner asteroid belt(4), there must be mechanisms to replenish the water in the absence of recent ice-exposing processes. However, such regenerative water-ice sources on asteroids are still elusive. Here we perform laboratory experiments by exposing the samples of the Murchison meteorite to energetic electrons and laser irradiation, simulating, respectively, the secondary electrons generated by the solar wind as well as galactic cosmic ray particles and the micrometeorites impacting on an asteroid. We find that a single simulated space-weathering component is insufficient and both are needed to regenerate water at low temperatures at the desired timescales. We propose that two main mechanisms can be the source of surface water on asteroids: low-temperature oxidation of organics and mineral dehydration.