Evolving role of echocardiography in the management of atrial fibrillation

The most common cardiovascular arrhythmia is atrial fibrillation (AF), with an estimated prevalence of 2.5 million in 1994. The extent of this public health problem is enormous, particularly in its stroke sequelae. Routine management of this public health problem includes anticoagulation as the primary stroke-preventive measure. Echocardiography has been an important adjunctive tool in the evaluation of AF. More innovative and controversial is the putative role of transesophageal echocardiography in the treatment strategy of AF cardioversion to sinus rhythm. The standard of care for AF of less than 1-year duration is to attempt cardioversion to sinus rhythm. An alternative strategy is to utilize the assets of transesophageal echocardiography to visually screen the left atrium for thrombus, thereby playing an active role in the treatment strategy of AF. This review will discuss the role of echocardiography in AF as it was initially used as a diagnostic tool with weak prognostic features, and, more recently, as it can be used today as on adjunctive tool to guide therapy with excellent stroke risk-stratification features.