Evaluation of Sea Ice Radiative Forcing according to Surface Albedo and Skin Temperature over the Arctic from 1982-2015

Rapid warming of the Arctic has resulted in widespread sea ice loss. Sea ice radiative forcing (SIRF) is the instantaneous perturbation of Earth's radiation at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) caused by sea ice. Previous studies focused only on the role of albedo on SIRF. Skin temperature is also closely related to sea ice changes and is one of the main factors in Arctic amplification. In this study, we estimated SIRF considering both surface albedo and skin temperature using radiative kernels. The annual average net-SIRF, which consists of the sum of albedo-SIRF and temperature-SIRF, was calculated as -54.57 +/- 3.84 W/m(2) for the period 1982-2015. In the net-SIRF calculation, albedo-SIRF and temperature-SIRF made similar contributions. However, the albedo-SIRF changed over the study period by 0.12 +/- 0.07 W/m(2) per year, while the temperature-SIRF changed by 0.22 +/- 0.07 W/m(2) per year. The SIRFs for each factor had different patterns depending on the season and region. In summer, rapid changes in the albedo-SIRF occurred in the Kara and Barents regions. In winter, only a temperature-SIRF was observed, and there was little difference between regions compared to the variations in albedo-SIRF. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the overall temperature-SIRF is changing more rapidly than the albedo-SIRF. This study indicates that skin temperatures may have a greater impact on the Arctic than albedo in terms of sea ice surface changes.