Substance abuse and dependence in adolescents

This manuscript reviews literature on the prevalence/frequency, risk factors, course and outcome of substance use disorders in adolescents. Recent epidemiological studies conducted in various parts of the world have indicated a high frequency of substance use disorders in adolescents, with values ranging From 5 to 8%; the rate for alcohol abuse and dependence range from 2 to 32%, and for drugs from 5 to 10%. Substance use disorders were significantly higher in males than in females, and that they increased with age. Other risk factors commonly reported for substance use disorders include biological, familial, and social factors. Several intervention and prevention programs are presented and discussed.