Effects of dietary zinc and iron supplementation on mineral excretion, body composition, and mineral status of nursery pigs

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Zn and Fe supplementation on mineral excretion, body composition, and mineral status of nursery pigs. In Exp. 1 (n = 24; 6.5 kg; 16 to 20 d of age) and 2 (n = 24; 7.2 kg; 19 to 21 d of age), littermate crossbred barrows were weaned and allotted randomly by BW, within litter, to dietary treatments and housed individually in stainless steel pens. In Exp. 1, Phases I (d 0 to 7) and 2 (d 7 to 14) diets (as-fed basis) were: 1) NC (negative control, no added Zn source); 2) ZnO (NC + 2,000 mg/kg as Zn oxide); and 3) ZnM (NC + 2,000 mg/kg as Zn Met). In Exp. 2, diets for each phase (Phase 1 = d 0 to 7; Phase 2 = d 7 to 21; Phase 3 = d 21 to 35) were the basal diet supplemented with 0, 25, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg Fe (as-fed basis) as ferrous sulfate. Orts, feces, and urine were collected daily in Exp. 1; whereas pigs had a 4-d adjustment period followed by a 3-d total collection period (Period 1 = d 5 to 7; Period 2 = d 12 to 14; Period 3 = d 26 to 28) during each phase in Exp. 2. Blood samples were obtained from pigs on d 0, 7, and 14 in Exp. 1 and d 0, 7, 21, and 35 in Exp. 2 to determine hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), and plasma Cu, (PCu), Fe (PFe), and Zn (PZn). Pigs in Exp. 1 were killed at d 14 (mean BW = 8.7 kg) to determine whole-body, liver, and kidney mineral concentrations. There were no differences in growth performance in Exp. 1 or 2. In Exp. 1, pigs fed ZnO or ZnM diets had greater (P < 0.001) dietary Zn intake during the 14-d study and greater fecal Zn excretion during Phase 2 compared with pigs fed the NC diet. Pigs fed 2,000 mg/kg, regardless of Zn source, had greater (P < 0.010) PZn on d 7 and 14 than pigs fed the NC diet. Whole-body Zn, liver Fe and Zn, and kidney Cu concentrations were greater (P < 0.010), whereas kidney Fe and Zn concentrations were less (P < 0.010) in pigs fed pharmacological Zn diets than pigs fed the NC diet. In Exp. 2, dietary Fe supplementation tended to increase (linear, P = 0.075) dietary DMI, resulting in a linear increase (P < 0.050) in dietary Fe, Cu, Mg, Mn, P, and Zn intake. Subsequently, a linear increase (P < 0.010) in fecal Fe and Zn excretion was observed. Increasing dietary Fe resulted in a linear increase in Hb, Hct, and PFe on d 21 (P < 0.050) and 35 (P < 0.010). Results suggest that dietary Zn or Fe additions increase mineral status of nursery pigs. Once tissue mineral stores are loaded, dietary minerals in excess of the body's requirement are excreted.