Nonlinear statistical spline smoothers for critical spherical black hole solutions in 4-dimension

This paper focuses on self-similar gravitational collapse solutions of the Einstein-axion-dilaton configuration for two conjugacy classes of SL(2, R) transformations. These solutions are invariant under spacetime dilation, combined with internal transforma-tions. For the first time in Einstein-axion-dilaton literature, we apply the nonlinear statistical spline regression methods to estimate the critical spherical black hole solutions in four dimensions. These spline methods include truncated power basis, natural cubic spline and penalized B-spline. The prediction errors of the statistical models, on average, are almost less than 10-2, so all the developed models can be considered unbiased estimators for the critical collapse functions over their entire domains. In addition to this excellence, we derived closed forms and continuously differentiable estimators for all the critical collapse functions.(c) 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.