Breakup of a laminar liquid jet by coaxial non-swirling and swirling air streams

This paper describes an experimental study on shear-based spray formation. A laminar liquid jet was ejected inside co-annular non-swirling and swirling air streams. The aerodynamic Weber numbers (We(A)) and swirl numbers (S) of the flow cases ranged from 4 to 1426 and from 0 to 3.9, respectively. High-speed shadowgraphy was utilized to obtain data on the first droplet locations, breakup lengths of the liquid jets, and two-dimensional wave spatiotemporal spectra for the jets. In order to detect the large-scale instabilities of the central liquid jet, proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) was performed on the high-speed shadowgraphic images. Stereo particle image velocimetry was utilized to investigate the annular air flow fields with S in the range of 0-2.5. It was found that air swirl promotes the morphological development of the jets with S in the range of 1.2-2.5. Both the breakup length and axial distance between the first droplet separation and the nozzle exit reduce as We(A) and S increase. Scaling of the first droplet locations and breakup lengths is also evaluated in this paper. In terms of the air flow fields, radial expansion of the annular swirling air jets was observed, and the annular swirling jets expand radially further as S goes up. Central reversal air flows appear near the nozzle exit when S >= 1.2, and some small droplets are blown upward to the nozzle exit by these central reversal air flows. In terms of large-scale instabilities, flapping is the dominant instability across most of the flow cases (as revealed by the first POD mode). Wavy and explosive breakup appear as the secondary breakup modes when We(A) is low (<= 110). In the absence of the central reversal air flows, the temporal frequencies of the instabilities of the air-water interfaces increase as S goes up. It was found that the central reversal air flows tend to stabilize the air-water interfaces. The spatial frequencies of the instabilities of the air-water interfaces remain low (<= 0.06 mm(-1)) across all the flow cases, which produce long-wave structures. (C) 2022 Author(s).