Spatial-temporal dynamics, ecological risk assessment, source identification and interactions with internal nutrients release of heavy metals in surface sediments from a large Chinese shallow lake

The surface sediment concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, and As), major metals (Fe and Mn), and the nutrient concentrations in the interstitial water of Lake Houguan, a large eutrophic shallow lake, were surveyed for three years. The results showed that Cu, Zn, and Fe were significantly higher in the east lake parts, and Cd in November was significantly higher than April. 19% of Hg and all of As were larger than the probable effect concentrations (PECs) according to the consensus-based sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), and the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) indicated As, Hg, and Cd were slightly polluted to severely polluted. The RI value (average 704.2) of the potential ecological risk index (PERI) suggested that heavy metals posed very high ecological risks with most of the contributions induced by Cd and Hg. The consequence of hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principle component analysis (PCA) identified Cd, As, and Pb might originate from urbanization, industrial pollution, and agricultural activity; Hg might be from atmospheric deposition and anthropogenic sources above; Cu, Zn, Cr, Fe, and Mn might be from both natural and anthropogenic sources. The Spearman correlation analysis indicated Pb and As were significantly positively correlated with total nitrogen, while Cd significantly negatively correlated with sulfate; As was significantly correlated with ammonia, sulfate, and nitrate in the interstitial water. These results suggested eutrophication might affect sedimental heavy metals by increasing organic matter or influencing the redox potentials in the sediment.