Steady-state network thermofluid models of loop heat pipes

A loop heat pipe (LHP) with one evaporator, a vapor-transport line, a single condenser, a liquid-transport line, and a compensation chamber is considered. The evaporator is an internally grooved circular pipe, with an annular wick installed on its inner surface. The wick is made of sintered powder metal. The condenser is a horizontal tube that is fitted with excellent thermal contact inside a metallic sleeve that is immersed in a constant-temperature bath maintained at a fixed sink temperature. Two different network thermofluid models of this LHP operating under steady-state conditions are presented. In the first (basic) model, quasi one-dimensional mathematical models of the fluid flow and heat transfer in each of the elements of the LHP are used; the pressure drop in the two-phase region of the condenser is ignored; and a relatively simple correlation is used to model the heat transfer in the two-phase region of the condenser. In the second (segmented) model, quasi one-dimensional control volumes or cells are used for the simulation of fluid flow and heat transfer in the vapor-transport line, the condenser, and the liquid-transport line, in order to better account for the variation of fluid properties and the quality (in two-phase regions); and the pressure drops in the two-phase regions are accounted for. The working fluid considered in this investigation is ammonia, but the proposed models can be used with any suitable fluid. Results pertaining to the LHP performance for a range of operating conditions are presented. Some of these results are compared to corresponding results of an earlier experimental investigation in the literature: good agreement is obtained with both models.