Considering gender differences in the study and treatment of internet gaming disorder

Background and aims: Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is a multifaceted and complex addictive disorder characterized by poor impulse control and altered reward sensitivities, among other features. IGD is a malepredominant condition, and gender-related differences may contribute importantly to the development and maintenance of, and recovery from, IGD. Methods: The current manuscript proposes a framework that incorporates gender-related considerations at different stages of IGD and proposes potential strategies for the prevention and treatment of IGD. Results: At the development stage, high impulsivity, impaired inhibitory control, and aggressive behaviors have been more frequently observed among males than females, suggesting potential risk factors for the development of IGD. Loneliness and other emotional dysregulation have been more frequently noted among females (than among males) with IGD. At the maintenance stage, males may be more sensitive to gaming-related rewards than females, and acute gaming behaviors may elicit higher cravings among males than among females and thus weaken their inhibitory control. In recovery, females with IGD have reported more negative mood states than males, and females' gaming behaviors have been linked with affective disorders. Discussions: The model proposed here highlights gender-related differences in modulating the behavioral and neural systems that contribute to a three-stage framework of IGD. Additional investigation into gender-related differences in IGD may further advance the field by uncovering complex relationships that may underlie vulnerability and provide insights into the development of gender-specific prevention and treatment strategies.