Impact of Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in the Management of Oligometastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma

Background: Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is overexpressed in the neovasculature of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, there remains limited evi-dence regarding the use of PSMA positron emission tomography/computed tomog-raphy (PET/CT) in RCC. Objective: To assess the impact of PSMA PET/CT in the management of metastatic RCC. Design, setting, and participants: This was a retrospective review of patients who underwent PSMA PET/CT from 2014 to 2020 for restaging or suspected metastatic RCC in a tertiary academic setting. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: Management plans before and after PSMA PET/CT were recorded. Impact was classified as high (change of treatment intent, modality, or site), medium (change in treatment method), or low. Secondary outcomes included the patient-level detection rate, PSMA PET/CT parameters, sensi-tivity, and comparison to CT and, if available, fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT. Results and limitations: Sixty-one patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 54 (89%) had clear cell RCC. PSMA-positive disease was detected in 51 patients (84%). For 30 patients (49%) there was a change in management due to PSMA PET/CT (high impact, 29 patients, 48%). In 15 patients (25%), more metastases were detected on PSMA PET/CT than on CT. The sensitivity of combined PSMA PET/CT and diagnostic CT was 91% (95% confidence interval 77 & ndash;98%). In a subcohort of 40 patients, the detection rate was 88% for PSMA and 75% for FDG PET/CT (p = 0.17). The maximum standardised uptake value (SUVmax) was higher for PSMA than for FDG PET/CT (15.2 vs 8.0; p = 0.02). Limitations include selection bias due to the retrospective design, and a lack of corresponding histopathology for all patients. Conclusions: PSMA PET/CT is a promising imaging modality in metastatic RCC and led to a change in management in 49% of patients. PSMA PET/CT detected additional metastases compared to CT in 25% of patients and registered a significantly higher SUVmax than FDG PET/CT. Prospective studies are required to further define its role. Patient summary: We report on a group of patients undergoing a new type of imag-ing for suspected advanced kidney cancer, called PSMA PET/CT. This imaging changed the management plan in 49% of the patients. PSMA PET/CT detected metastases in 84% of our patients and detected more metastases than computed tomography imaging in 25%. (C) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of European Association of Urology.