Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Postpartum Health Insurance Coverage Among Rural and Urban US Residents

Objective: Half of maternal deaths occur during the postpartum year, with data suggesting greater risks among Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) and rural residents. Being insured after childbirth improves postpartum health-related outcomes, and recent policy efforts focus on extending postpartum Medicaid coverage from 60 days to 1 year postpartum. The purpose of this study is to describe postpartum health insurance coverage for rural and urban U.S. residents who are BIPOC compared to those who are white. Materials and Methods: Using data from the 2016-2019 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (n = 150,273), we describe health insurance coverage categorized as Medicaid, commercial, or uninsured at the time of childbirth and postpartum. We measured continuity of insurance coverage across these periods, focusing on postpartum Medicaid disruptions. Analyses were conducted among white and BIPOC residents from rural and urban U.S. counties. Results: Three-quarters (75.3%) of rural white people and 85.3% of urban white people were continuously insured from childbirth to postpartum, compared to 60.5% of rural BIPOC people and 65.6% of urban BIPOC people. Postpartum insurance disruptions were frequent among people with Medicaid coverage at childbirth, particularly among BIPOC individuals, compared to those with private insurance; 17.0% of rural BIPOC residents had Medicaid at birth and became uninsured postpartum compared with 3.4% of urban white people. Conclusions: Health insurance coverage at childbirth, postpartum, and across these timepoints varies by race/ethnicity and rural compared with urban residents. Policy efforts to extend postpartum Medicaid coverage may reduce inequities at the intersection of racial/ethnic identity and rural geography.