Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have quickly become a critical component to the management of advanced renal cell carcinoma. These therapies have been approved for patients who are treatment-naive and who have progressed on antiangiogenesis agents. Combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors with antiangiogenesis agents show significant response rates and prolong survival. Adverse events associated with the use of checkpoint inhibition present unique challenges in the management of patients, and careful considerations are needed when checkpoint inhibitors are combined with antiangiogenesis agents. Nevertheless, the improvement in overall survival associated with these agents indicates that they will remain a vital component of kidney cancer treatment. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.