Characteristic crack-tip distances in fracture criteria: Is crack propagation discontinuous?

The present paper describes a possible mechanism for discontinuous crack advance in which surface separation occurs initially not at the crack-tip itself but within the crack-tip plastic zone of size r(p), at the mid-point of the crack-tip characteristic distance d (identified here with the finite growth step Delta a), i.e., at the region of maximum opening tensile stress, spreading towards (and also away from) the crack-tip. The crack extension occurs when the crack-tip is reached and full opening over the distance d is completed. Finite element analyses show that this mechanism causes the formation of a rippled crack face surface in elastic-plastic materials in which irreversible plastic deformations take place during each growth step, in sharp contrast with the smooth surface created in ideal elastic materials in which all deformations are fully reversible. Some pictorial evidence of void formation ahead of the crack tip and of ripples during propagation, found in the literature, is presented. Although the present analysis is from a continuum standpoint it is acknowledged that micro structural features and mechanisms can condition the fracture events taking place in the process zone. The implication to the brittle-ductile transition of the dependence of the energy, release rate, G(Delta Xi) on the ratio q (=Delta a/r(p)) is also discussed. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.