Development of Pulmonary Hypertension in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is common in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). While PH-HFpEF may affect more than a million patients in the United States alone, it has been difficult to study its epidemiology and response to treatment due to difficulty in properly defining the illness. While chronic remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature is related to chronic passive congestion of the pulmonary circulation from the pulmonary veins, there are likely other contributors to the development of PH-HFpEF. We explore the potential direct contributions of obesity, diabetes mellitus, genetics, and sleep apnea on the pulmonary circulation in those with PH-HFpEF, and we discuss the potential role of exercise testing or fluid challenge during diagnostic testing. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.