Genetic deletion of the glucocorticoid receptor in Cx3cr1+ myeloid cells is neuroprotective and improves motor recovery after spinal cord injury

Glucocorticoid receptors (GRs), part of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors (TFs), are ubiquitously expressed in all cell types and regulate cellular responses to glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol in humans; corticosterone in rodents). In myeloid cells, glucocorticoids binding to GRs can enhance or repress gene transcription, thereby imparting distinct and context-dependent functions in macrophages at sites of inflam-mation. In experimental models and in humans, glucocorticoids are widely used as anti-inflammatory treatments to promote recovery of function after SCI. Thus, we predicted that deleting GR in mouse myeloid lineage cells (i. e., microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages) would enhance inflammation at the site of injury and worsen functional recovery after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Contrary to our prediction, the intraspinal macro-phage response to a moderate (75 kdyne) spinal contusion SCI was reduced in Cx(3)cr1-Cre;GR(f/f) conditional knockout mice (with GR specifically deleted in myeloid cells). This phenotype was associated with improvements in hindlimb motor recovery, myelin sparing, axon sparing/regeneration, and microvascular protection/plasticity relative to SCI mice with normal myeloid cell GR expression. Further analysis revealed that macrophage GR deletion impaired lipid and myelin phagocytosis and foamy macrophage formation. Together, these data reveal endogenous GR signaling as a key pathway that normally inhibits mechanisms of macrophage-mediated repair after SCI.