Power Scheduling with Active Power Grids

Power-gating is widely used in large chip design as a way to manage the total power dissipation and avoid overheating. It works by turning OFF the power supply to circuit blocks that are not required to operate in certain operational modes. Many authors have studied the scheduling of chip workload to manage total power and temperature. But power-gating also has an impact on the supply voltage levels across the die, because voltage drop is generated in the grid depending on the combination of blocks that are ON. We consider the question of how to manage the chip workload so that supply voltage variations remain within specs. The worst-case voltage drop is the result of two things, the power budgets that were allocated to the various circuit blocks during the design process and the combination of blocks that are turned ON in a given operational mode. Intuitively, more blocks can be turned ON simultaneously if the blocks are constrained to have low current levels, and vice versa. In this paper, we propose a framework to manage this trade-off between how many blocks are ON simultaneously and how big the power budgets of the individual blocks are, assuming resistive and capacitive (RC) elements in the power grid model. Subject to user guidance, we generate block-level circuit current constraints as well as an implicit binary decision diagram (BDD) that helps identify the safe working modes. If the blocks are designed to respect these constraints, then the BDD can be used during normal operation to check whether a candidate working mode is safe or not.