3D-printed solid-state electrolytes for electrochemical energy storage devices

Recently, the three-dimensional (3D) printing of solid-state electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices has attracted extensive interests. By enabling the fabrication of well-designed EES device architectures, enhanced electrochemical performances with fewer safety risks can be achieved. In this review article, we summarize the 3D-printed solid-state rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors and discuss various types of printable polymer composite materials for the solid-state electrolyte. The architectures of the printed EES devices and their performances are analyzed. Three 3D printing techniques, namely direct ink writing, fused deposition modeling, and stereolithography are reviewed. The 3D printing techniques have enabled the EES devices to be fabricated into novel lightweight, flexible, and wearable constructions. The development of printable materials, together with the production efficiency of current main 3D printing techniques are discussed. Lastly, the challenges and outlooks for future 3D printing of EES devices are outlined. Graphic Abstract