Finite element-based boundary treatment in the hybrid particle method

The treatment based on the finite element method (FEM) in which the motion points of the hybrid particle method (HPM) that lie on natural boundaries is presented. The HPM uses as its basis the differential form of equations for the conservation of momentum, mass, and energy. The formulation employs the motion points (mps) and the stress points (sps) to facilitate computation. The resulting approach considers boundary motion points as finite element nodes, while the neighboring stress points are considered as the integration points of an explicit finite element method (FEM) formulation.