A novel approach to forecast urban surface-level ozone considering heterogeneous locations and limited information

Surface ozone (O-3) is considered an hazard to human health, affecting vegetation crops and ecosystems. Accurate time and location O-3 forecasting can help to protect citizens to unhealthy exposures when high levels are expected. Usually, forecasting models use numerous O-3 precursors as predictors, limiting the reproducibility of these models to the availability of such information from data providers. This study introduces a 24 h-ahead hourly O-3 concentrations forecasting methodology based on bagging and ensemble learning, using just two predictors with lagged O-3 concentrations. This methodology was applied on ten-year time series (2006-2015) from three major urban areas of Andalusia (Spain). Its forecasting performance was contrasted with an algorithm especially designed to forecast time series exhibiting temporal patterns. The proposed methodology outperforms the contrast algorithm and yields comparable results to others existing in literature. Its use is encouraged due to its forecasting performance and wide applicability, but also as benchmark methodology.