Steady-state polarization measurements of lithium insertion electrodes for high-power lithium-ion batteries

Steady-state polarization measurements of lithium titanium oxide (LTO; Li[Li1/3Ti5/3]O-4) were carried out using the 0-V lithium-ion cells consisting of two identical LTO-electrodes with a parallel-plate symmetrical electrode configuration. The sinusoidal voltage with the peak amplitude of 1.0 V was imposed at 0.1 Hz upon the 0-V cells and the current response was measured as a function of time. The steady-state polarization, obtained by plotting the current versus applied voltage, was linear in current up to approximately 60 mA cm(-2) or 4 A g(-1) based on the LTO weight and suggested the resistance polarization only for the lithium insertion electrode of the LTO. The method was also applied to lithium aluminum manganese oxide (LAMO; Li[Li0.1Al0.1Mn1.8]O-4) and the resistance polarization of the LAMO-electrode was determined for currents up to approximately 25 mA cm(-2) or 2 A g(-1) based on the LAMO weight. The validity of the results was examined for the polarization measurements of the 2.5-V lithium-ion battery consisting of LTO and LAMO, and the significance of the polarization measurements of lithium insertion electrodes for high-power applications was discussed.