This review will summarize what is known about natural T-cell responses to human papillomavirus infections, including potential mechanisms for their dysregulation which may lead to the development of disease. We will also describe new strategies to enhance human papillomavirus specific T-cell responses following vaccination that are currently in development and recent reports on human vaccine trials with particular regard to the generation of appropriate T-cell responses. Curr Opin Infect Dis 14:139-143, (C) 2001 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.