Interleukin-4 blocks proliferation of retinal progenitor cells and increases rod photoreceptor differentiation through distinct signaling pathways

Interleukin-4 (IL-4), an anti-inflammatory cytokine, has been related to the differentiation of the rodent retina in vitro, but constitutive presence of either IL-4 or of IL-4 receptor in the retina has not been reported. In this work we examined the expression of IL-4 and its specific receptor alpha subunit (IL-4R alpha). IL-4R alpha is expressed both in neural retina and non-neural ocular tissue, while IL-4 was found mainly in non-neural tissue. We characterized a novel trophic effect of IL-4 upon the retina. We showed that IL-4 can inhibit the proliferation of retinal cells (similar to 40%) through the cAMP-PKA pathway and associated with a reduction of cyclin D1 and increase of p27(kip1). IL-4 also promotes the differentiation of rod photoreceptors. Activation of tyrosine kinases, protein kinase C, and mitogen-activated kinases of the Erk family were required for IL-4-induced rod photoreceptor differentiation, independent of the release of other trophic factors in culture. Taken together, our results show, for the first time, that IL-4 directly modulates proliferation of retinal cells and rod photoreceptor differentiation, through distinct signaling pathways. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.