Beyond technology transfer: Innovation cooperation to advance sustainable development in developing countries

While technology continues to be seen as a key element in the move to sustainable development, international efforts around technology to support sustainable development transitions in developing countries have failed to yield results congruent with the needs. This review paper aims to contribute to, and help change, the conversation on international technology transfer (ITT) such that it leads to more productive international cooperative efforts for sustainable development in developing nations. We examine ITT in the health, agriculture, and climate and energy areas, juxtaposing it with relevant literature. Supporting domestic and international actors and processes, we highlight what are key elements for success in these areas of action to more effectively implement the SDGs in energy and environment in developing countries. Finally, we suggest that "innovation cooperation" is a better framing than "technology transfer" for advancing international efforts on technology for sustainable development. Such a framing allows for a broader and more comprehensive perspective on technology-related cooperation between countries. It also emphasizes the need for equitable partnerships rather than donor-recipient relationships and for development of local innovation capabilities, leading to more effective marshaling of technologies to help developing countries achieve sustainable development. This article is categorized under: Energy Policy and Planning > Economics and Policy Energy and Climate > Systems and Infrastructure Energy Research & Innovation > Climate and Environment