Anti-inflammatory effect of stevioside abates Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced adjuvant arthritis in rats

Adjuvant arthritis is a chronic, autoimmune and inflammatory disorder of the joints. The occurrence of disorder causes a severe damage to the connective tissue eventually leading to progressive physical disability and eventual death. The recent years of evidence suggests the anti-inflammatory properties of stevioside, a diterpene glycoside. However, the effect of stevioside against adjuvant arthritis, a chronic inflammatory disorder is not known. Hence, the present study was designed to study the effect of stevioside against Freund's complete adjuvant induced arthritis model in rats. The acute anti-inflammatory effect of stevioside also studied by employing carrageenan-induced paw oedema model in rats. The biochemical markers, haematological parameters, lipid peroxidation, myeloperoxidase activity, lipoxygenase activity, the levels of PGE2 and pro-inflammatory (TNF-alpha, IL-6 & IL-1 beta) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) were analysed. The protein expression of NF-kappa B (p65) COX-2 and iNOS in paw tissues were estimated by western blotting. Stevioside treatment significantly ameliorates the adjuvant induced arthritic scoring, histological alterations, paw volume, elevation of biochemical (AST, ALT, ALP and glucose levels) and haematological (haemoglobin, differential and platelet count) parameters and restored the endogenous anti-oxidant (SOD, CAT, GSH and GST) activities. Treatment with stevioside also significantly prevented the adjuvant induced elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-1 beta), pro-inflammatory protein expressions (iNOS, COX-2, NF-kappa B (p65) and pI kappa B/I kappa B ratio), prevented the increase in myeloperoxidase activity and significantly restored the anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine level in paw tissues. Collectively, our findings suggest that stevioside may serve as anti-inflammatory agent and could serve as a potential adjunct therapeutic option in treating adjuvant arthritis.