Detecting cognitive impairment in primary care: Performance assessment of three screening instruments

Early detection of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders (ADRD) is important, especially in primary care settings. We compared performances of two common screening tests, the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) and Clock Drawing Test (CDT), with that of the MCI Screen (MCIS) in 254 patients over 65. None had previous diagnosis of ADRD, and 81% were asymptomatic by Functional Assessment Staging Test (FAST) (FAST = 1). 215 patients completed all screening tests - 141 had >= 1 abnormal result, 121/141 completed standardized diagnostic assessment, and the remaining 74/215 (34%) screened entirely normally and weren't further evaluated. Potential bias due to unevaluated cases was statistically adjusted. Among diagnosed cases: AD = 43%, cerebrovascular disease = 36%, other causes = 21%. Bias-adjusted MCI prevalence for FAST stages I and 1-3 were 13.9-20.3% and 23.0-28.3%. Bias-adjusted results for the CDT, MMSE and MCIS were: clinical diagnosis validity (kappa statistic) = {-0.02 (p = 0.61), 0.06 (p = 0.23), 0.92 (p < 0.0001)}; sensitivity = {59%, 71%, 94%}; specificity = {39%, 36%, 97%}; overall accuracy = {54%, 62%, 96%}; positive predictive value = {16%, 17%, 86%}; and negative predictive value = {83%,87%,96%}. The MMSE and CDT were not valid for early detection, while the MCIS had high validity and accuracy in the primary care cohort.