An SVM-Based Snow Detection Algorithm for GNSS-R Snow Depth Retrievals

被引:6
|
作者
Hu, Yuan [1 ]
Yuan, Xintai [1 ]
Liu, Wei [2 ]
Hu, Qingsong [1 ]
Wickert, Jens [3 ,4 ]
Jiang, Zhihao [1 ]
机构
[1] Shanghai Ocean Univ, Shanghai 201306, Peoples R China
[2] Shanghai Maritime Univ, Merchant Marine Coll, Shanghai 201306, Peoples R China
[3] German Res Ctr Geosci, Dept Geodesy, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany
[4] Tech Univ Berlin, Inst Geodesy & Geoinformat Sci, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
基金
中国国家自然科学基金;
关键词
Snow; Signal to noise ratio; Support vector machines; Oscillators; Global Positioning System; Global navigation satellite system; Satellites; Detection; global navigation satellite system-reflectometry (GNSS-R); signal-to-noise ratio (SNR); snow depth; support vector machine (SVM); GPS MULTIPATH; REFLECTOMETRY; COMBINATION;
D O I
10.1109/JSTARS.2022.3193113
中图分类号
TM [电工技术]; TN [电子技术、通信技术];
学科分类号
0808 ; 0809 ;
摘要
The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is important observations in global navigation satellite system-reflectometry (GNSS-R) technology. The oscillation frequency in the SNR arc is sensitive to different reflecting surfaces and can be used to build height model to track the variation of snow depth. However, it is difficult to obtain retrieval results with snow depth of zero in the actual snow depth retrieval experiments based on GNSS-R technology, which indicates that the classical model has nonnegligible retrieval errors in the snow-free state. This study aims to realize the detection of ground truth information before snow depth retrieval, i.e., classification of snow-free state and snow-covered state. Machine learning was introduced to achieve the aforementioned purpose and the SNR arc was used as the input data. Compared with the current mainstream topography correction algorithms, the algorithm proposed in this study does not rely on any priori ground measured data and has theoretical universality. The detection results can constrain the retrieval snow depth in the snow-free state and, thus, improve the retrieval accuracy. The experimental results for the 2014 seasonal snowpack at P351 station in Idaho, USA, show that the detection results obtained based on support vector machines agree well with the measured snow depth provided by the SNOTEL network, and the overall detection accuracy can reach about 96%. The daily snowpack state is determined by the majority of SNR arcs detected during the day and is only considered reliable if the percentage exceeds 75%. Only one day of the detection results was inaccurate and only 8 days (8/365) did not reach the set threshold of 75%. With the help of the detection results, the root-mean-square error of snow depth retrieval can be reduced from 20 cm in the classical algorithm to 15 cm, which results in a 25% improvement in retrieval accuracy. Moreover, this study broadens the application value of GNSS signals and provides a reference for the application of SNR in the detection field.
引用
收藏
页码:6046 / 6052
页数:7
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