Impacts of land use changes from the Hanoi Master Plan 2030 on urban heat islands: Part 2. Influence of global warmingHan

Hanoi City, Vietnam, presented the Hanoi Master Plan 2030 in 2011 to cope with rapid population growthand urbanisation. The main objective of this two-part study was to investigate the impacts of land usechanges brought by the master plan on urban heat islands in Hanoi by 2030. This paper analyses the contributions of land use changes and global warming to the future increase in urban temperaturesin Hanoi by the 2030s. Firstly, numerical simulations using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) were conducted for the present land use as well as the land use condition of the master plan under the same weather conditions to detect only the impact of land use changes. Secondly, WRF simulations were conducted for the land use condition of the master plan under the influence of global warming in the 2030 sutilising the climate data projected by a Global Climate Model (GCM), Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate Version 5 (MIROC5), via a direct dynamical downscaling method. In the 2030s, theaverage air temperature increase in existing urban areas was projected to be up to 2.1. C, of which up to1.5 and 0.6. C are attributable to global warming and land use changes, respectively. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.