Biological roles of l-carnitine in oocyte and early embryo development

Poor oocyte quality is responsible for female infertility. Multiple studies have been carried out to find supplements to enhance oocyte quality and mitigate infertility problems. l-carnitine and its derivatives have diverse roles in developing oocytes and early embryos. This review focuses on the in vitro and in vivo studies that using l-carnitine alone or in combination with other supplements for oocyte quality enhancement. The key roles of l-carnitine in oocyte quality and embryo growth were summarized, and the underlying mechanism was also elucidated. l-carnitine helps in the lipid metabolism process by controlling the transfer of fatty acids to mitochondria for beta-oxidation. l-carnitine modulates glucose metabolism and enhances respiratory chain enzyme activity. Furthermore, it acts as an antioxidant to prevent oxidative damage and inhibit apoptosis, a signal in response to oxidative stress. Results show the potential of l-carnitine as a potential agent in assisted reproductive technology to improve oocyte quality and the subsequent embryonic development.