RETRACTED: Histone Deacetylase9 Represents the Epigenetic Promotion of M1 Macrophage Polarization and Inflammatory Response via TLR4 Regulation (Retracted Article)

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory response mediated by various factors, where epigenetic regulation involving histone deacetylation is envisaged to modulate the expression of related proteins by regulating the binding of transcription factors to DNA, thereby influencing the development of atherosclerosis. The mechanism of atherosclerosis by histone deacetylation is partly known; hence, this project aimed at investigating the role of histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9) in atherosclerosis. For this purpose, serum was separated from blood samples following clotting and centrifugation from atherosclerotic and healthy patients (n = 40 each), and then, various tests were performed. The results indicated that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was not only positively correlated to the HDAC9 gene, but was also upregulated in atherosclerosis, where it was also significantly upregulated in the atherosclerosis cell model of oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced macrophages. Conversely, the TLR4 was significantly downregulated in instances of loss of HDAC9 function, cementing the bridging relationship between HDAC9 and macrophage polarization, where the HDAC9 was found to upregulate M1 macrophage polarization which translated into the release of higher content of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), which tend to significantly decrease following the deletion of TLR4. Hence, this study reports novel relation between epigenetic control and atherosclerosis, which could partly be explained by histone deacetylation.