The rehabilitation of the Tampa Bay Estuary, Florida, USA, as an example of successful integrated coastal management

The Tampa Bay Ecosystem is located in the state of Florida, USA. The 6739 km(2) ecosystem has undergone major changes due to coastal development, including dredging for maintenance and expansion of the 10th largest port in the USA. Approximately 44% of the historic emergent coastal wetlands and 81% of the historic submergent seagrass meadows had been lost through 1981. Declines in commercial and recreational fisheries harvests and coastal wildlife populations followed similar trends in declines. Beginning three decades ago, an informal Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) program initiated by citizen groups has progressed to a formal ICM program that has initiated restoration of the ecosystem and management through a unique multi-county umbrella organization, the Tampa Bay Estuary Program. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.