Military expenditure, financial development and environmental degradation in Turkey: A comparison ofCO2emissions and ecological footprint

被引：75
|
作者：
Gokmenoglu, Korhan K. [1 ]
Taspinar, Nigar [1 ]
Rahman, Mohammad Mafizur [2 ]
机构：
[1] Eastern Mediterranean Univ, Dept Banking & Finance, Famagusta, North Cyprus, Turkey
[2] Univ Southern Queensland, Sch Commerce, Fac Business Educ Law & Arts, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia
来源：
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FINANCE & ECONOMICS | 2021年 / 26卷 / 01期
关键词：
causality test; economic growth; energy use; environmental degradation; financial development; FMOLS; military expenditure; turkey; FOREIGN DIRECT-INVESTMENT; UNIT-ROOT TESTS; ENERGY-CONSUMPTION; CO2; EMISSIONS; ECONOMIC-GROWTH; CARBON EMISSIONS; KUZNETS CURVE; COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE; STATISTICAL-INFERENCE; INTERNATIONAL-TRADE;
D O I：
10.1002/ijfe.1831
中图分类号：
F8 [财政、金融];
学科分类号：
0202 ;
摘要：
This study investigates the long run equilibrium relationship among military expenditure, financial development, energy use, economic growth and environmental degradation in Turkey for the period of 1960-2014. Ecological footprint and carbon dioxide emissions are used as separate proxies for environmental degradation. Fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) estimator results suggest that military expenditure, energy use and economic growth increase the environmental degradation while financial development improves the environmental quality in Turkey. Toda Yamamoto (1995) causality test results reveal that there is a unidirectional causality running from military expenditure to CO(2)emissions and ecological footprint; and a bidirectional causality between military expenditure and economic growth. The findings of the study confirm the existence of destruction theory for the case of Turkey.
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页码：986 / 997
页数：12
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