On the formation of gas giant planets on wide orbits

A new suite of three-dimensional radiative, gravitational hydrodynamical models is used to show that gas giant planets are unlikely to form by the disk-instability mechanism at distances of similar to 100-200 AU from young stars. A similar result seems to hold for the core accretion mechanism. These results appear to be consistent with the paucity of detections of gas giant planets on wide orbits by infrared imaging surveys, and they also imply that if the object orbiting GQ Lupus is a gas giant planet, it most likely did not form at a separation of similar to 100 AU. Instead, a wide planet around GQ Lup must have undergone a close encounter with a third body that tossed the planet outward to its present distance from its protostar. If it exists, the third body may be detectable by NASA's Space Interferometry Mission.