Applications of glacial geomorphological and lichenometric studies for reconstructing the Late Holocene glacial history of the Hoksar valley, Kashmir Himalaya, India

In this study, the lichenometry studies of the Hoksar Glacier valley in Kashmir Himalaya, India supported by the extensive ground- and remote sensing-based glacial geomorphological mapping enabled the identi?cation of the six episodes of glacier advances in the valley. Field-based geomorphologic evidence suggests that the glacial episode 1 (GEI) experienced the most extensive glaciation in the Hoksar valley extending similar to 1 km down the valley (altitude 3565 m) from the current snout position of the Hoksar Glacier (altitude 3680m). Lichenometric dating of the moraines suggests that the GE1 episode is chronologically the oldest (similar to 480 +/- 25 years) and GE6 episode the youngest (similar to 245 +/- 10 years). The mean equilibrium line altitude (ELA) during the GE1 episode was calculated as 3755 +/- 4 m compared to the observed present ELA position of 4060 +/- 5 m, an upward shift of 305 m observed during the period. The spatio-temporal changes of the Hoksar Glacier during different episodes of the glacier advances until 2018 showed that the glacier area has shrunk from similar to 212 ha during the GE1 to 100 ha at present losing an area of 112 ha (52%) during the period mainly as a result of the recent climate change. The recent observed glacier recession (1980-2018) is much higher (11 000 m(2) a(-1)) compared to the past recession (1300 m(2) a(-1)). The study provides valuable insights about the glacier recession in the Kashmir Himalayan region during the Late Holocene where knowledge about the past glacial history on a regional scale is generally poorly investigated.