Electroanalysis with bismuth electrodes: State of the art and future prospects

Electroanalysis with bismuth film electrodes and other Bi electrodes is reviewed. The review offers a retrospective insight into a short history, reminding of all the important milestones in the field and the basic characteristics of all hitherto known types of Bi electrodes and including inevitable comparison with related mercury electrodes. Furthermore, special attention has been paid to discussion on specific features of bismuth-based electrodes in electrochemical stripping analysis. The text is illustrated by numerous examples mostly based on author's results and includes also tables summarising the individual studies and methods mentioned in the review. Last but not least, the most important achievements are critically evaluated and future prospects outlined. A review with 100 references.