Once-daily milking during late lactation in pasture-fed dairy cows has minor effects on feed intake, body condition score gain, and hepatic gene expression

Milking cows once daily (1 x) is a management practice occasionally used during mid/late lactation in pasture based systems. It has been postulated that 1 x milking will reduce dry matter intake (DMI) and increase body condition score (BCS) gain; however, this has not been quantified. Lactating, pregnant Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (n = 52) were allocated to either 1 x or twice-daily (2 x) milking in mid-January (summer, 175 d in milk). To obtain accurate DMI measurements, cows underwent 4 periods in a Calan gate indoor feeding facility, interspersed with grazing outdoors. Milk production, body weight (BW), and BCS were recorded 2 wk before treatment start (-2 wk) and weekly thereafter. Blood variables were recorded at 2 wk and weekly when indoors. Liver was biopsied at-2, 2, and 10 wk, and hepatic gene expression measured using quantitative PCR. Milking cows 1 x tended to lower DMI (17.8 vs. 18.2 kg of dry matter), but increased BCS gain (0.36 vs. 0.13 BCS units) and BW (546 vs. 533 kg) at wk 12 relative to 2x. The greater BCS and BW of cows milked 1 x compared with 2x were reflected in lower plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids and lower transcription of genes involved in the oxidation of fatty acids, indicating reduced release and processing of fatty acids. Cows milked 1 x produced 20% less milk, and although milk fat and protein concentrations were increased relative to cows milked 2x, yields of fat and protein were 14 and 17% less, respectively. The reduction in milk production with 1 x milking (14.1 vs. 16.8 kg/cow per d energy-corrected milk) was accompanied by increases in blood concentrations of glucose and insulin, with a concurrent decrease in the transcription of the insulin receptor and gluconeogenic genes. These results indicate a coordinated response to reduce glucose production due to decreased mammary demand. Expression of 2 genes linked to inflammation and adipokine signaling was reduced in cows milked 1 x and may indicate a lower inflammatory state in the liver of cows milked 1 x in late lactation. No effect was found of milking frequency during late lactation on milk production in the subsequent lactation. In summary, although 1 x milking tended to reduce DMI and increase BCS in late lactation, these effects were lower than what is commonly supposed in pasture-based dairy systems. The modest BCS gains need to be considered with the reduced milk production when adopting 1 x milking as a management strategy.