Phenotypic plasticity for biomass partitioning in maize: genotype effects across a range of environments

Maize grain yield is determined by genotype (G), environment (E) and G x E interaction effects that influence the expression of traits along the crop cycle. Inbreds and hybrids may differ in their responses to fluctuations in environmental conditions, determining changes in heterosis levels across environments and consequently the target environment for their evaluation. The objectives of this work were (i) to compare traits related to grain yield, aboveground biomass production and its partitioning in two contrasting genotypic groups (inbreds and hybrids) and (ii) to analyze their performance across environments for the assessment of their phenotypic plasticity as well as environmental effects on the expression of heterosis. We built a balanced environmental index based on normalized plant grain yield (BEINPGY) from 14 contrasting environments using a 6-inbred complete diallel mating design and analyzed the response of the 12 evaluated traits to this index for each genotypic group. This approach allowed us to (i) differentiate among traits with simple linear (grain yield, total biomass, kernel numbers, the anthesis-silking interval and plant reproductive efficiency), bilinear (harvest index, individual kernel weight, prolificacy and apical ear reproductive efficiency) or no response (ear and plant growth rates around flowering as well as their relationship) in phenotypic plasticity of each group to the BEINPGY, and (ii) group traits depending upon their absolute heterosis response (i.e., heterosis plasticity) to the BEINPGY, which varied in sign (positive, null or negative) depending upon the trait. There was a clear and positive relationship between absolute heterosis plasticity and traits plasticities, which was mainly driven by hybrids. Genotypic groups differed in the association patterns of traits values per se as well as of their phenotypic plasticities, indicative of the different genetic bases that determine them. The fact that percent heterosis for grain yield and other relevant secondary traits did not vary across environments, whereas heritability is expected to decrease under stressful conditions, may contribute to guide future breeding efforts aiming to develop superior hybrids with successful performance, particularly in future challenging environmental scenarios.