Throughflow model for design and analysis integrated in a three-dimensional Navier-Stokes solver

A multiblock multigrid Navier-Stokes solver has been extended to include a throughflow model for the design and analysis of turbomachines. The presence of the blades in the inviscid axisymmetric flow is modelled in the classical way through a distributed blade force to produce the desired turning, a blockage factor that accounts for the reduced area due to blade thickness, and a distributed frictional force representing the entropy increase due to viscous stresses and heat conduction. The exact blade geometry is not required. All features of the three-dimensional code concerning the physical fluid model, boundary conditions, spatial and time discretization, convergence acceleration techniques and data visualization are available to the throughflow module. This includes the capability to treat the entire range of relevant Mach numbers, from strictly incompressible (through a preconditioning technique) to supersonic, as well as any number of blade rows in any configuration, including, for example, bypass engines. Selected elements comprising the throughflow model are discussed, with special emphasis on the blade force and its discretization. The properties of analysis and design mode with respect to shocks and the associated losses are investigated. The methodology is demonstrated on a transonic compressor rotor and a four-stage low-speed turbine.